FSM 3 Intrm. 087-092

Common law decisions of the United States are an appropriate source of guidance for the FSM Supreme Court for contract issues unresolved by statutes, decisions of constitutional courts or custom and tradition within the Federated States of Micronesia. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 90-91 (Pon. 1987).

An agreement between the FSM National Government and operators of a United States fishing vessel in an attempt to terminate court proceedings, is not the kind of matter that historically came within principles of custom and tradition. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

Negotiations between the FSM National Government and a U.S. owned fishing vessel reflect the new role of the national government and the methods by which the people of the Federated States of Micronesia govern their relations with other members of the community of nations. In this context, it is entirely appropriate to draw on principles of common law for guidance. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

Civil proceedings typically can be concluded by the parties without court action or approval of any kind pursuant to Rule 41 of the FSM Supreme Court's Rules of Civil Procedure. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

Although the prosecution has broad discretion in determining whether to initiate litigation, once that litigation is initiated in the FSM Supreme Court, the Court also has responsibility for assuring that actions thereafter taken are in the public interest. Thus, criminal litigation can be dismissed only by obtaining leave of Court. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

Although it is reasonable to analyze settlement agreements in civil actions on the basis of contract principles alone, important public policy considerations attach to the settlement of criminal cases. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

There are sound reasons why prosecutors should retain discretion over whether to submit a plea agreement to a court based upon information obtained by the prosecution subsequent to execution of a written plea agreement but before presentation of that agreement to the court. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987).

A plea agreement calling for dismissal or reduction of charges pending in criminal litigation is contingent upon court approval. Until such approval, neither party is bound by the agreement and neither party can enforce it against the other. Federated States of Micronesia v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 92 (Pon. 1987).

This memorandum opinion is filed to confirm and explain a previous ruling of the Court in this litigation. After this Court on October 22, 1986 entered a default judgment in favor of the Federated States of Micronesia and ruled that a hearing in the future would determine damages, the parties undertook settlement negotiations. A tentative agreement was reached whereby the defendants were to agree to pay $65,000 to the Federated States of Micronesia as penalties for allegedly fishing without a license in the extended fishery zone of the Federated States of Micronesia and for allegedly opposing lawful surveillance enforcement within the extended fishery zone. The government in turn was to move to dismiss the criminal action against the defendants, and to dismiss the civil action by stipulation pursuant to FSM Civ. R. 41(a)(1)(ii).

The necessary papers to implement the agreement, including a proposed order of dismissal of the criminal case and an order setting aside the default judgment in this case, were prepared by the government. These documents were submitted to counsel for the defendants on November 11, 1986, together with

The government's November 11th letter characterized the documents as constituting "the FSM's settlement offer." A few hours later, counsel for the defendants purportedly accepted the offer by another letter dated November 11, 1986.

However in that same letter, counsel for the defendants, Fredrick L. Ramp, advised the government of his client's intention to seek reimbursement of the $65,000 penalty from the fund set up under the United States Fishermen's Protection Act.

On November 13, however, the government responded, characterizing the fact that the defendants intended to seek reimbursement under the United States Fishermen's Protective Act, 22 U.S.C.S. § 1975 (1982), as "new information." The letter pointed out that the United States Secretary of State is "duty bound" by the Act to seek reimbursement from a "foreign country" which has seized a United States owned fishing vessel and thereby obtained funds. The government stated its opinion that the Act would be inapplicable because no seizure of the fishing vessel had occurred but nevertheless advised Mr. Ramp of its wish to add the following language to the settlement terms: "The government's obligations in the settlement agreement are conditioned upon the United States Government not imposing economic sanctions of any kind on the FSM government as a result of this matter."

Predictably, the defendants found this unacceptable. Rather than accept such language, the defendants took the position that the settlement terms had already been offered and accepted in the November 11th exchange of letters and that both parties were therefore bound to proceed in accordance with the terms of those letters and their accompanying documents.

Defendants cite numerous United States cases in which courts have held that a settlement agreement is subject to the normal principles of contract law, and will be enforced by the courts. See All States Investors, Inc. v. Bankers Bond Co., 343 F.2d 618 (6th Cir. 1965); Cummins Diesel Michigan, Inc. v. Falcon, 305 F.2d 721, 723 (7th Cir. 1962) ("Federal and State Courts have held under a great variety of circumstances that a settlement agreement or stipulation voluntarily entered into cannot be repudiated by either party and will be summarily enforced by the Court."); American Textile Machine Corp. v. United States, 220 F.2d 584, 588 (6th Cir. 1955) ("Like any other valid contract, [a settlement agreement] cannot be cancelled or disregarded at the pleasure of one of the parties.").

This Court has previously concluded that common law decisions of the United States are an appropriate source of guidance for this Court for contract issues unresolved by statutes, decisions of constitutional courts

An agreement of this sort, between the FSM National Government and operators of a United States owned fishing vessel in an attempt to terminate court proceedings, is not the kind of matter that historically came within principles of custom and tradition. Rather, this kind of negotiation reflects the new role of the national government and the methods by which the people of the Federated States of Micronesia govern their relations with other members of the community of nations. In this context it is entirely appropriate to draw on principles of common law for guidance.

While the Court therefore agrees with the tacit suggestion of the parties that United States decisions should be considered in reaching a decision here, it is important also to recognize that the decisions cited by the parties relate to settlement of criminal as well as civil proceedings. There appear no important policy reasons to differentiate agreements concerning settlement of civil proceedings from other contracts. civil proceedings typically can be concluded by the parties without court action or approval of any kind pursuant to Rule 41 of this Court's Rules of Civil Procedure.

The situation is radically different for criminal cases however. While the prosecution has broad discretion in determining whether to initiate litigation, once that litigation is instituted in Court, the Court also has responsibility for assuring that actions thereafter taken are in the public interest. Criminal litigation can be dismissed only by obtaining leave of the Court. FSM Crim. R. 48(a). See American Bar Association, Standards Relating to Pleas of Guilty §§ 3.3(c), 1.8 (1968) (quoted in A. Goldstein, The Passive Judiciary 47 (1981)). Thus, while it is reasonable to analyze settlement agreements in civil actions on the basis of contract principles alone, important public policy considerations attach to the settlement of criminal cases. Defendants have not directed to the attention of this Court any case holding that a prosecutor is bound by a plea agreement immediately upon acceptance of an offer of such agreement and prior to submission of the agreement to the Court and approval by the Court.

Plainly, there are sound reasons why prosecutors should retain discretion to abort a plea agreement upon learning information subsequent to execution of a written plea agreement but before presentation of that agreement to the court. Consider, for example, a plea agreement calling for the prosecution to reduce a charge of assault with a dangerous weapon to the lesser offense of assault and battery in exchange for the defendant's guilty plea. If, simultaneous with the acceptance of the government's offer of such a plea arrangement, or subsequent thereto, the defendant makes known to the government his intention upon completion of the shorter sentence, to renew his attack upon the victim of the assault, it seems plain that the government should have discretion to decline to submit the plea agreement to the court.

A second hypothetical example is also instructive. Assume that in the foregoing case, the court refused to accept the lesser plea but instructed the government to proceed with prosecution with the assault with a dangerous weapon charge. According to Ocean Pearl's position in this case, the government would be precluded from so doing because the contract itself, without court approval, requires dismissal.

I therefore conclude that a plea agreement calling for dismissal or reduction of charges pending in criminal litigation is contingent upon court approval. Until such approval, neither party is bound by the agreement and neither can enforce it against the other.

In the instant case, the parties are at least in part concerned about dismissal of civil proceedings. However the criminal proceedings were initiated at the same time and are obviously integral to the settlement arrangements. Therefore, the settlement agreement here is subject to the public policy and approval requirements normally applicable to criminal actions. Accordingly, the settlement agreement, not having been approved by this Court, can be abandoned by either party and cannot be enforced.


	FSM SUPREME COURT TRIAL DIVISION (Pon.) Cite as FSM v. Ocean Pearl , 3 FSM Intrm. 87 (Pon 1987) [3 FSM Intrm. 87] FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA, Plaintiff, v. OCEAN PEARL, *Defendants.* CIVIL ACTION NO. 1986-001 CRIMINAL ACTION 1986-501 OPINION Before Edward C. King Chief Justice FSM Supreme Court February 3, 1987 [3 FSM Intrm. 88] APPEARANCES: For the Plaintiff: Jack Warndof Chief of Litigation Attorney General's Office Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei, FSM 96941 For the Defendants: Fredrick L. Ramp Attorney-at-Law Ramp & Michelsen P.O. Box 1480 Pohnpei, FSM 96941 * * * * HEADNOTES Contracts Common law decisions of the United States are an appropriate source of guidance for the FSM Supreme Court for contract issues unresolved by statutes, decisions of constitutional courts or custom and tradition within the Federated States of Micronesia. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 90-91 (Pon. 1987). Custom and Tradition An agreement between the FSM National Government and operators of a United States fishing vessel in an attempt to terminate court proceedings, is not the kind of matter that historically came within principles of custom and tradition. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). International Law; Fishing Negotiations between the FSM National Government and a U.S. owned fishing vessel reflect the new role of the national government and the methods by which the people of the Federated States of Micronesia govern their relations with other members of the community of nations. In this context, it is entirely appropriate to draw on principles of common law for guidance. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). Civil Law and Procedure Civil proceedings typically can be concluded by the parties without court action or approval of any kind pursuant to Rule 41 of the FSM Supreme Court's Rules of Civil Procedure. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). [3 FSM Intrm. 89] Criminal Law and Procedure - Dismissal of Action; Prosecution Although the prosecution has broad discretion in determining whether to initiate litigation, once that litigation is initiated in the FSM Supreme Court, the Court also has responsibility for assuring that actions thereafter taken are in the public interest. Thus, criminal litigation can be dismissed only by obtaining leave of Court. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). Criminal Law and Procedure - Dismissal of Action Although it is reasonable to analyze settlement agreements in civil actions on the basis of contract principles alone, important public policy considerations attach to the settlement of criminal cases. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). Criminal Law and Procedure - Prosecutorial Discretion There are sound reasons why prosecutors should retain discretion over whether to submit a plea agreement to a court based upon information obtained by the prosecution subsequent to execution of a written plea agreement but before presentation of that agreement to the court. FSM v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 91 (Pon. 1987). Criminal Law and Procedure - Pleas and Sentencing A plea agreement calling for dismissal or reduction of charges pending in criminal litigation is contingent upon court approval. Until such approval, neither party is bound by the agreement and neither party can enforce it against the other. Federated States of Micronesia v. Ocean Pearl, 3 FSM Intrm. 87, 92 (Pon. 1987). * * * * COURT'S OPINION EDWARD C. KING, Chief Justice: This memorandum opinion is filed to confirm and explain a previous ruling of the Court in this litigation. After this Court on October 22, 1986 entered a default judgment in favor of the Federated States of Micronesia and ruled that a hearing in the future would determine damages, the parties undertook settlement negotiations. A tentative agreement was reached whereby the defendants were to agree to pay $65,000 to the Federated States of Micronesia as penalties for allegedly fishing without a license in the extended fishery zone of the Federated States of Micronesia and for allegedly opposing lawful surveillance enforcement within the extended fishery zone. The government in turn was to move to dismiss the criminal action against the defendants, and to dismiss the civil action by stipulation pursuant to FSM Civ. R. 41(a)(1)(ii). The necessary papers to implement the agreement, including a proposed order of dismissal of the criminal case and an order setting aside the default judgment in this case, were prepared by the government. These documents were submitted to counsel for the defendants on November 11, 1986, together with [3 FSM Intrm. 90] a cover letter from the government. The government's November 11th letter characterized the documents as constituting "the FSM's settlement offer." A few hours later, counsel for the defendants purportedly accepted the offer by another letter dated November 11, 1986. However in that same letter, counsel for the defendants, Fredrick L. Ramp, advised the government of his client's intention to seek reimbursement of the $65,000 penalty from the fund set up under the United States Fishermen's Protection Act. On November 13, however, the government responded, characterizing the fact that the defendants intended to seek reimbursement under the United States Fishermen's Protective Act, 22 U.S.C.S. § 1975 (1982), as "new information." The letter pointed out that the United States Secretary of State is "duty bound" by the Act to seek reimbursement from a "foreign country" which has seized a United States owned fishing vessel and thereby obtained funds. The government stated its opinion that the Act would be inapplicable because no seizure of the fishing vessel had occurred but nevertheless advised Mr. Ramp of its wish to add the following language to the settlement terms: "The government's obligations in the settlement agreement are conditioned upon the United States Government not imposing economic sanctions of any kind on the FSM government as a result of this matter." Predictably, the defendants found this unacceptable. Rather than accept such language, the defendants took the position that the settlement terms had already been offered and accepted in the November 11th exchange of letters and that both parties were therefore bound to proceed in accordance with the terms of those letters and their accompanying documents. This motion for judgment in accordance with settlement agreement seeks to obtain the Court's approval of that position. Defendants cite numerous United States cases in which courts have held that a settlement agreement is subject to the normal principles of contract law, and will be enforced by the courts. See All States Investors, Inc. v. Bankers Bond Co., 343 F.2d 618 (6th Cir. 1965); Cummins Diesel Michigan, Inc. v. Falcon, 305 F.2d 721, 723 (7th Cir. 1962) ("Federal and State Courts have held under a great variety of circumstances that a settlement agreement or stipulation voluntarily entered into cannot be repudiated by either party and will be summarily enforced by the Court."); American Textile Machine Corp. v. United States, 220 F.2d 584, 588 (6th Cir. 1955) ("Like any other valid contract, [a settlement agreement] cannot be cancelled or disregarded at the pleasure of one of the parties."). This Court has previously concluded that common law decisions of the United States are an appropriate source of guidance for this Court for contract issues unresolved by statutes, decisions of constitutional courts [3 FSM Intrm. 91] here, or custom and tradition within the Federated States of Micronesia. Semens v. Continental Air Lines Inc., 2 FSM Intrm. 131, 142 (Pon. 1985). An agreement of this sort, between the FSM National Government and operators of a United States owned fishing vessel in an attempt to terminate court proceedings, is not the kind of matter that historically came within principles of custom and tradition. Rather, this kind of negotiation reflects the new role of the national government and the methods by which the people of the Federated States of Micronesia govern their relations with other members of the community of nations. In this context it is entirely appropriate to draw on principles of common law for guidance. While the Court therefore agrees with the tacit suggestion of the parties that United States decisions should be considered in reaching a decision here, it is important also to recognize that the decisions cited by the parties relate to settlement of criminal as well as civil proceedings. There appear no important policy reasons to differentiate agreements concerning settlement of civil proceedings from other contracts. civil proceedings typically can be concluded by the parties without court action or approval of any kind pursuant to Rule 41 of this Court's Rules of Civil Procedure. The situation is radically different for criminal cases however. While the prosecution has broad discretion in determining whether to initiate litigation, once that litigation is instituted in Court, the Court also has responsibility for assuring that actions thereafter taken are in the public interest. Criminal litigation can be dismissed only by obtaining leave of the Court. FSM Crim. R. 48(a). See American Bar Association, Standards Relating to Pleas of Guilty §§ 3.3(c), 1.8 (1968) (quoted in A. Goldstein, The Passive Judiciary 47 (1981)). Thus, while it is reasonable to analyze settlement agreements in civil actions on the basis of contract principles alone, important public policy considerations attach to the settlement of criminal cases. Defendants have not directed to the attention of this Court any case holding that a prosecutor is bound by a plea agreement immediately upon acceptance of an offer of such agreement and prior to submission of the agreement to the Court and approval by the Court. Plainly, there are sound reasons why prosecutors should retain discretion to abort a plea agreement upon learning information subsequent to execution of a written plea agreement but before presentation of that agreement to the court. Consider, for example, a plea agreement calling for the prosecution to reduce a charge of assault with a dangerous weapon to the lesser offense of assault and battery in exchange for the defendant's guilty plea. If, simultaneous with the acceptance of the government's offer of such a plea arrangement, or subsequent thereto, the defendant makes known to the government his intention upon completion of the shorter sentence, to renew his attack upon the victim of the assault, it seems plain that the government should have discretion to decline to submit the plea agreement to the court. [3 FSM Intrm. 92] A second hypothetical example is also instructive. Assume that in the foregoing case, the court refused to accept the lesser plea but instructed the government to proceed with prosecution with the assault with a dangerous weapon charge. According to Ocean Pearl's position in this case, the government would be precluded from so doing because the contract itself, without court approval, requires dismissal. I therefore conclude that a plea agreement calling for dismissal or reduction of charges pending in criminal litigation is contingent upon court approval. Until such approval, neither party is bound by the agreement and neither can enforce it against the other. In the instant case, the parties are at least in part concerned about dismissal of civil proceedings. However the criminal proceedings were initiated at the same time and are obviously integral to the settlement arrangements. Therefore, the settlement agreement here is subject to the public policy and approval requirements normally applicable to criminal actions. Accordingly, the settlement agreement, not having been approved by this Court, can be abandoned by either party and cannot be enforced. The motion for enforcement of settlement therefore is denied. * * * *