FSM 3 Intrm. 428-433

Statutory provisions designed to enhance the capacity of the government to enforce penalties for failure to pay taxes are penal, not remedial, and should be strictly construed. In re Island Hardware, Inc., 3 FSM Intrm. 428, 432 (Pon. 1988).

Amounts owing for penalties and interest under the tax law, 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902, do not qualify for lien treatment under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135 or 153. In re Island Hardware, Inc., 3 FSM Intrm. 428, 433 (Pon. 1988).

Previous opinions in this litigation deferred consideration of the question whether statutory penalties and interest payable for overdue wage and salary taxes, or gross revenue taxes, are enforceable as liens against the taxpayer's property pursuant to 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135(2) and 153. That issue is the subject of this opinion.

Analysis begins with the statutory language itself. Both lien provisions refer only to "the amount of the tax imposed or authorized" or "taxes." Neither section creating a lien refers directly to interest or penalties.

§ 135. Employer's responsibility for withheld taxes .... (2) If any employer shall fail, neglect, or refuse to deduct and withhold from the compensation paid to an employee, or to pay over, the amount of the tax imposed by this chapter, such employer shall, moreover, be liable to pay to the Government the amount of the tax, which amount shall (whether or not tax withholdings constituting trust funds have been commingled with said employer's assets) form a lien on the employer's entire assets, having priority over all other claims and liens.

§ 153. Lien on property. - All taxes imposed or authorized under this chapter shall be a lien upon any property of the person or business obligated to pay said taxes and may be collected by levy upon such property in the same manner as the levy of an execution.

The language itself, then, seems to provide lien rights only for the taxes themselves, and not for penalties and interest which may be added to the tax under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902.

The government's first contention is that including penalties and interest within the government's rights would further the statutory purpose of public law 3-32, to "improve the collection and enforcement of the tax laws by providing criminal and administrative penalties for failure to pay the taxes which the Congress assesses." SCREP No. 13, Senate J. of 1st Cong., 3rd Reg. Sess. 407 (1967).

However, the provisions adopted in public law 3-32 to implement those congressional purposes appear at 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 803-06 and 901-02. None of those provisions, nor any others contained in the tax laws, specify that penalties and interest shall be regarded as part of the tax for purposes of lien rights under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135(2) and 153. The implication is that the Congress of Micronesia did not view the general purpose of penalizing failure to pay taxes as requiring extension of lien treatment to penalties and interest.

Indeed, there is ample reason to question whether the government's interpretation would have the effect of supporting the purpose announced in SCREP 13. Resolution of this tax lien issue will have little, if any, impact on the relationship between the government and the typical taxpayer. The penalties and interest provided in 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902 may be assessed by the government against the taxpayer without regard to 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135(2) and 153. There is no question as to the ability of the government to require payment of penalties and interest by a solvent taxpayer. Even without the liens provided by sections 135(2) and 153, the government may press its claims to judgment against a recalcitrant taxpayer, then obtain a writ of execution and force payment through sale of the taxpayer's assets.

Existence or nonexistence of tax liens will likely be pivotal only in cases like the instant ones, where numerous creditors have claims and there are inadequate assets to satisfy all claims. Under these circumstances, the insolvent taxpayer has little at stake for it is a foregone conclusion that the taxpayer's nonexempt assets will be employed to satisfy the claims of one or another of the creditors. The key struggle is among the various creditors.

This tax lien issue, then, is important to the government and to the taxpayer's other creditors, but is of little import to the taxpayer. To the extent the government obtains greater lien rights, penalties will be

inflicted upon other creditors, not the debtor who failed to pay taxes. Thus, acceptance of the government's interpretation would not further appreciably the purpose of providing "penalties for failure to pay the taxes."

Indeed, the result could be ironic. Acceptance of the government's position could retard tax enforcement by diminishing government incentive to require prompt payment of taxes. Assured of full lien rights for not only the tax itself but also for interest and penalties, the government would have little reason to act quickly to enforce tax claims, so long as the taxpayer retains sufficient assets to satisfy all tax, penalty and interest claims.

Tax laws are not generally regarded as remedial. It has been called a "fundamental precept" and a "settled rule" that tax laws are strictly construed against the state and in favor of citizens. 3 C. Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 66.01 (4th ed. 1974); Gould v. Gould, 245 U.S. 151, 38 S. Ct. 53, 62 L. Ed. 211 (1915).

There appears no reason to apply a different rule in this case. Admittedly the lien rights sought here would increase the government's tax enforcement capabilities by providing an additional remedy to enforce government claims under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902. In that broad sense, the lien provisions are remedial.

However the remedy would enforce provisions which are themselves penal. Sections 155 and 902 both have the word "penalty" in their codified titles and both obviously are designed primarily as penalties to encourage or force taxpayers to comply with the law.1 See 54 F.S.M.C. 155(1) (adding 1% of the tax for each 30 days or fraction thereof for late filing); § 155(2) ($5.00 penalty for employer failure to file written statement); § 155(3) (25% of the tax assessed for failure to file return upon demand); § 155(4) (penalty of 50% of the tax assessed for fraud); § 902 (penalty of 10% of the tax per month for delayed payment, up to 100% of the tax).

These civil penalty provisions, 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902, are not remedial, then, but are penal. It follows that enforcement of such penalties will have a penal effect. Accordingly, in approaching the question whether the liens referred to in 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135(2) and 153 may be used to enforce amounts owing under sections 155 and 902, the Court must strictly construe the statutory language

The government also points out that courts in some cases have regarded interest and penalties payable with respect to a tax as part of the tax itself for tax lien purposes. See California v. Hisey, 84 F.2d 802, 805 (9th Cir. 1936); Northern Finance Corp. v. Byrnes, 5 F.2d 11, 12 (8th Cir. 1925); Baltimore Trust Co. v. Interocean Oil Co., 30 F. Supp. 560, 562 (D. Md. 1939).

Those courts did not reach that conclusion, however, on the basis of any general legal principle but upon careful analysis of the particular statutes under consideration.

This Court then must place primary emphasis upon the statutory language, and the overall structure of the tax law, to determine whether interest and penalties qualify for lien treatment. In so doing the Court should construe the language strictly and uphold the lien claim only if the statute itself provides a sound reason for doing so.2 It is therefore quite significant that neither lien provision at issue here says anything about interest or penalties.

The government points to provisions calling for penalties and interest to be "added tow or "in addition tow other amounts to be collected under the tax lien.3 The argument is that these phrases demonstrate legislative intent that the penalties and interest be effectively attached to the applicable tax.

While it may be possible to read such words as suggesting that the penalty amount is to be regarded as part of the tax itself, the same words are equally amenable to an interpretation that the penalties and interest are separate and discrete from taxes, but must be added to the taxes to calculate the entire amount due. The tax statutes are devoid of any direct statement, or clear implication, that penalties and interest are to be considered merged with the tax for lien or other purposes.

The Court concludes that amounts owing for penalties and interest under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 155 and 902 do not qualify for lien treatment under 54 F.S.M.C. §§ 135(2) or 153.

1. The heading for 55 F.S.M.C. is "Civil penalties" and for 54 F.S.M.C. 902 is "Monthly penalty upon unpaid taxes and fees.

2. For example, the United States statute leaves no doubt that United States tax lien rights extend to interest and penalties: "Lien for taxes. If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person." 26 U.S.C.S. 6321.